Tubular laminectomy and percutaneous vertebroplasty for aggressive vertebral hemangioma

INTRODUCTION

Vertebral hemangiomas (VH) are benign vasoformative neoplasms of endothelial cells that grow within marrow spaces in the bone and encase bony trabeculae.[2,7] They affect 10–20% of the population and they are often incidental findings detected during imaging of the thoracolumbar spine.[3,10] Only 0.9–1.2% of hemangiomas cause symptoms consisting of local back pain (e.g., involving a vertebral body), radiculopathy from nerve root compression/myelopathy (e.g., due to epidural expansion/spinal cord compression).[3,5,10,16] A common choice of treatment for painful aggressive VH (AVH) without neurological compromise is vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty, while those with spinal cord compression may require decompression with/without tumor removal.[11,13,15,16]

Hereby, we present a patient with an AVH and a progressive paraparesis who benefitted from a minimally invasive T9 decompression with vertebroplasty.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 59-year-old male presented with a 2-year history of intermittent back pain and in the past 2 months progressive myelopathy. On examination, he exhibited tenderness over the midline thoracic spinous processes, diffuse lower extremity hyperreflexia and spasticity. The thoracic CT revealed an osteolytic lesion with the characteristic “polka dot” or “salt and pepper” sign on the axial images and the “corduroy cloth” or “jail bar” sign on the sagittal images involving T9 [Figure 1]. There were also signs of extraosseous soft-tissue expansion into the spinal canal. The MRI revealed thickened trabeculae with high intensity signal areas on both T1 and T2 images; the extraosseous component had also high T1 and T2 signals [Figures 2 and 3]. There was also a high T2 cord signal opposite the T9 vertebral level reflecting significant cord compression.

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Figure 1:: A sagittal bone CT-scan with the characteristic appearance of a hemangioma of the T9 vertebra.

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Figure 2:: A sagittal T2 MRI scan with a high intensity signal of the T9 vertebra and signs of extraosseous soft tissue expansion into the spinal canal.

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Figure 3:: An axial T2 MRI scan of the T9 vertebra showing the extraosseous expansion of the hemangioma.

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Surgery

A minimally invasive T9 tubular unilateral laminotomy was performed to achieve decompression of the spinal canal. This was followed by a bilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty with biopsy. The postoperative CT and MRI scans showed adequate decompression of the thoracic spine, satisfactory cement location within the T9 body, with no cement leakage [Figures 4-7] The biopsy confirmed the presence of a VH. Postoperatively, the patient was immediately asymptomatic and remained neurologically intact at 6 months follow-up.

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Figure 4:: An axial CT scan postoperatively showing the adequate decompression of the canal and a satisfactory quantity of cement injected.

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Figure 5:: A sagittal CT scan postoperatively showing the vertebral body with the injected cement.

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Figure 6:: A sagittal T2 MRI, 6 months postoperatively showing the injected cement and the elimination of the spinal cord compression by the soft tissue.

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Figure 7:: An axial T2 MRI scan, 6 months postoperatively showing the spinal canal decompressed by soft-tissue protrusion.

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DISCUSSION

AVHs are rare conditions with varied available treatment options.[4,12,14] Here, we treated a patient with progressive myelopathy with a T9 minimal invasive tubular laminectomy and percutaneous vertebroplasty and biopsy. Utilizing a unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression as used in this case has gained popularity since 2002.[8] Kyphoplasty has also been supported in such cases.[1,13] Postoperatively, the patient developed no instability or kyphosis and has remained asymptomatic without the need for a secondary fusion. On CT studies, the classic diagnosis of AVH is established by the typical “honeycomb” or “polka dot” signs attributed to trabecular involvement of vertebral bodies. On MRI, these lesions appear hyperintense on both TIW1 and T2W1 with contrast enhancement.[10]

Preoperative angiography to determine the vascularity of the tumor, followed by tumor embolization, is useful to decrease intraoperative blood loss.[6,8,16] Radiotherapy is usually used as adjuvant therapy after surgery and can result in radiation necrosis or radiation induced sarcomas.[2,5,6,9,16]

CONCLUSION

Minimally invasive tubular laminectomy combined with percutaneous cement vertebroplasty and biopsy is a safe and efficacious procedure for the treatment of thoracic symptomatic AVHs.