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The relationship between preoperative predictive factors for clinical outcome in patients operated for lumbar spinal stenosis by decompressive laminectomy
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Received: ,
Accepted: ,
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
How to cite this article: Mauro D, Nasi D, Paracino R, Capece M, Carrassi E, Aiudi D, et al. The relationship between preoperative predictive factors and outcomes for undergoing decompressive surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Surg Neurol Int 2020;11:27.
Abstract
Background:
Our hypothesis was that by identifying certain preoperative predictive factors, we could favorably impact clinical outcomes in patients undergoing decompressive surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).
Methods:
In this retrospective study, there were 65 patients (2016–2018) with symptomatic LSS who underwent decompressive laminectomy without fusion. Their clinical outcomes were assessed utilizing the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Multiple preoperative variables were studied to determine which ones would help predict improved outcomes: gender, age, body mass index (BMI), general/neurological examination, smoking, and drug therapies (anxiolytics and/or antidepressants).
Results:
All patients demonstrated statistically significant improvement on the ODI. Multivariate analysis revealed that those with higher preoperative BMI had significantly lower ODI on 1-year follow-up examinations, reflecting poorer outcomes. Postoperatively, 44 patients (67%) exhibited lower utilization of anxiolytic medications, 52 patients (80%) showed reduced use of antidepressant drugs, and pain medications utilization was reduced in 33 patients (50%).
Conclusion:
Decompressive laminectomy without fusion effectively managed LSS. It reduced patients’ use of pain, anxiety, and antidepressant medications. In addition, we found that increased preoperative BMIs contributed to poorer postoperative outcomes (e.g., ODI values).
Keywords
Body mass index
Decompressive laminectomy
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Obesity in spine surgery
Oswestry Disability Index scale
INTRODUCTION
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) can be effectively treated with decompressive laminectomy without fusion. Here, we asked what preoperative risk factors would contribute to poorer postoperative outcomes. Notably, the literature had previously shown that elevated preoperative body mass index (BMI) and a history of smoking both contributed to poorer outcomes following decompressive LSS surgery.[3,7,8]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study included 65 patients averaging 70.4 years of age with LSS undergoing decompressive laminectomy without fusion. There were 36 males (56%) and 29 females (44%). All patients failed conservative treatment for at least 6 months before undergoing LSS surgery. Those with a diagnosis of spondylolisthesis, spinal tumors, infections, or prior surgery were excluded from this analysis. The following preoperative parameters were assessed to determine their impact on surgical outcomes: gender, age, BMI, smoking history, use of pain/antidepressant/anxiolytic medications, and preoperative neurological deficit/disability level. The latter was estimated utilizing the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score, evaluated preoperatively and 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively (follow-up) [Table 1].
Statistical analysis
Values were presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and as the number (percentage) of subjects for categorical variables. The outcome measure was the change in disability estimated as the difference between the ODI values obtained at 12 and 1 month after surgery. The associations between the disability change and baseline variables were assessed using a linear regression model and included the analysis of age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and preoperative ODI. Results were considered significant for P < 0.05 (two sided). Data analysis was performed using STATA/IC 13.1 statistical package (StataCorp LP, Texas, USA).
RESULTS
There was a statistically significant improvement in ODI values for all patients. The multivariate analysis revealed that patients with high preoperative BMI had significantly lesser postoperative ODI at 1 postoperative year (e.g., poor outcomes). After surgery, 44 patients (67%) reduced the use of anxiolytic drugs, 52 patients (80%) used fewer antidepressants, and 33 patients (50%) took fewer pain medications. Other factors such as age and gender were not statistically significant [Table 2].
DISCUSSION
Some authors showed equivalent clinical outcomes for those with elevated preoperative BMI and a history of smoking; alternatively, they attributed poorer postoperative results to increased perioperative blood loss and more chronic preoperative lumbar pain contributing to longer hospital length of stay.[6,9]
Other literature documented that both obesity and smoking contributed to greater perioperative risks/complications of laminectomy for LSS.[1,2,4,5,10,11] Here, we found that greater preoperative BMI alone contributed to poorer postoperative outcomes following lumbar laminectomy without fusion for LSS, largely attributed to protracted postoperative bed rest, and more difficulty with rehabilitation. The authors, therefore, concluded that preoperative diet and exercise programs, by reducing preoperative BMI, would enhance future recovery from laminectomy for LSS.
CONCLUSION
Decompressive laminectomy to treat lumbar spinal stenosis was effective to treat pain and disability. In this prospective study baseline elevated BMI was statistically associated with postoperative poor results in terms of ODI value.
Declaration of patient consent
Patient’s consent not required as there are no patients in this study.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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